Definition
Structured data is machine-readable information about a page, usually written in JSON-LD using the schema.org vocabulary, that tells search engines and AI systems what the page describes: an article, a product, an organization, an FAQ.
Also called schema markup, JSON-LD
MegaMCP glossary32 terms
Explained
Google uses some types for rich results, and has narrowed others (FAQ rich results are now limited to a small set of sites, and HowTo rich results were retired). The markup remains useful to any system that parses pages.
Keep it truthful and matching the visible content; markup that describes things not on the page can be ignored or penalized.